象勒罗伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史(case history)来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度(这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度)，并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。

　　27.My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender　as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

　　我的论点是，其作品的中心意识--它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解--在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。

　　28.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合--而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。

　　29.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable insgroupsto appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.

　　伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象--毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处--以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。

　　30.Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)，the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud，one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

　　尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期(Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土)的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》(Old Testament)后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》(Talmud)极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。

　　31.Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination from a religious angle，of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.

　　另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教(Arab paganism)的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。